Surprisingly, most of the e-waste exported to these emerging countries are not in a reusable condition and are often non-repairable. This warrants the need for a review of the existing processes of e-waste management. In the first phase, secondary data from 2005 to 2020 has been considered for reviewing existing literature on e-waste management in the selected countries. Furthermore, the Directive should "decrease e-waste and e-waste exports.". An official website of the United States government. Of this total e-waste, 24.9 million tons were generated in the Asia Pacific region alone. Formal e-waste management in China is driven by government agencies designed to improve e-waste recycling and disposal and to encourage manufacturers to take back their products [21,49]. Currently, Australias e-waste system is in its evolving stages and while, progress has been made since the introduction of the National Waste Policy and the Product Stewardship Act, Australias e-waste is growing three times faster than other waste streams, and the capacity and sophistication of the nations systems need to grow and adapt [44,48]. Informal recyclers purchase used items and often either dismantle or repair them for the second-hand market. Aborele H., Urquhart C., Nudurupati S. E-waste policy in developing countries: The context of Nigeria; Proceedings of the Special Interest Group Green Workshop; Fort Worth, TX, USA. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. As we become more technologically advanced, more old electronics will be discarded and exported to developing countries as waste. [citation needed], United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, California Electronic Waste Recycling Act, "Electronics and Electronic Recycling UK", "Legislating e-waste management: progress from various countries", "China approves e-waste regulation systems proposed, penalties established", "Umwelt Schweiz, Electrical and electronic equipment", "Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment", "Electronics recycling fee begins in Alberta", "Sask. In 2014 figures indicate Americans threw out roughly 416,000 cell phones each day. These metals are generally categorised into precious and toxic metals. Today some metals are mixed in a way that makes them hard to separate. (National Library of Medicine), Workers recovering materials from e-waste are at an increased risk of stillbirths, premature births, and spontaneous abortions. The generation, impact, and management of E-waste: State of the art. As the waste treatment and recycling rate vary from region to region, different scenarios need to be created. E-waste generally consists of a range of hazardous materials (Table 2), including metals, pollutants, printed circuit boards, computer monitors, cables, plastics, and metal-plastic mixtures [2]. Extended producer responsibility for waste electronics: An example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom. Israels e-waste laws have resulted in much greater participation in recycling. Jaibee S., Abd Rahim A.K., Mohamad F., Jamian S., Seiji Y., Muhd Nor N.H. Review on current status of waste electric and electronic product in Malaysia. Sensitivity analysis of the effects of end-of-life stage scenarios should be used in any life cycle assessment. A bibliometric analysis on waste electrical and electronic equipment research. Accessibility The waste-flows from Western Europe mainly go to Eastern Europe, West Africa and Asia. Management of e-waste in Malaysia is still in its infancy and only began in 2005 [77]. Electronic waste is a significant part of today's global, post-consumer waste stream. Extended producer responsibility for waste televisions and computers: A regulatory evaluation of the Australian experience. The .gov means its official. Solving The E-Waste Problem (Step) White Paper: One Global Definition of E-Waste. Perkins et al. The search is limited to the title and the abstract to focus on the search results. About 90% of the e-waste in India is illegally recycled in the informal sector and involves different groups, including women and children [57,58]. ; Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment; Orlando, FL, USA. Chancerel P., Meskers C.E., Hageluken C., Rotter V.S. The uncontrolled landfills pose a high risk for harmful exposure to the surrounding environment. ", In Switzerland, the first electronic waste recycling system was implemented in 1991, beginning with collection of old refrigerators. WEEE management in a circular economy perspective: An overview. L.A.: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, WritingOriginal Draft; S.W. In recent years, researchers have increasingly used quantitative and qualitative research (mixed methods) techniques to expand the scope and improve the analytic power of their studies [29,30]. The Electrical Equipment Product Stewardship Sub-Group examined the issue and decided that computer and television waste were 'wastes of concern'. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Aliasi A.F., Ishak M.B., Awanis S.N., Mohamad-Zlkifli M., Jalil R.A. E-waste management: An emerging global crisis and the Malaysian scenario. There are improvement opportunities for all regions. Review of issues, challenges and solutions in Asian countries. Minimal research has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of e-waste policy management strategies. Although the per capita e-waste generated in the emerging countries is much lesser than in the developing countries, the volume generated is greater due to the growing population and market size in emerging countries such as India, China, and Indonesia. [2] suggest that many countries, including countries in the Asia Pacific region, are not sufficiently managing e-waste generated, and greater effort is needed to ensure smarter and more sustainable global production, consumption, management, and disposal of e-waste. Over the years, all other electric and electronic devices were gradually included in the system. All products come to their end-of-use, and despite sometimes being reused, rebuilt or stored, eventually they reach their end-of-life. Bahers J.B., Kim J. Dwivedy M., Mittal R.K. Future trends in computer waste generation in India. This calls for a responsible e-waste management effort by these countries to effectively manage the growing amounts of e-waste generated for reducing environmental and health concerns. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is "considered or defined as hazardous under the legislation of the country receiving it and is prohibited by that country from being imported or conveyed in transit" to be covered under Canadian regulation and therefore subject to prior informed consent procedures. Last year, the country generated approximately two million tonnes of the stuff, but a mere 438,085 made its way to recycling (just 22%). The management of e-waste in Malaysia is still developing and only began in 2005 [77]. Assessment of legislation and practices for the sustainable management of waste electrical and electronic equipment in India. Arrives in , , by Today Kojima M., Yoshida A., Sasaki S. Difficulties in applying extended producer responsibility policies in developing countries: Case studies in E-waste recycling in China and Thailand. FOIA Clearly, e-waste management processes in the majority of these countries examined still need improvement. These include a change in thyroid function, cellular expression and function changes, adverse neonatal outcomes, changes in temperament and behavior, and decreased lung function. [11] A decision on the proposed revisions could result in a new WEEE Directive by 2012. Streicher-Porte M., Yang J. WEEE recycling in China. Wibowo S., Deng H., Zhang X. Hazardous Materials: Spills and Soil Contamination an ION Science we Four new directors appointed at ION Science. There is no denying that e-waste disposal is a global problem, especially with the growing number of health issues that are caused by pollution in the air and contamination of our drinking water. Accordingly, this study reviews previous research on e-waste generation and environmental management of Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, identifies problems and challenges that negatively impact e-waste management in these countries, provides an overview of progress made, and identifies areas for future research. 77 miles long. This paper is organised into five sections. The growth in demand and increased sales of EEE have consequently led to the rise in the volume of e-waste [3,4,5]. Secondly, when implementing e-waste policies, interdisciplinary research approaches need to be considered. PSA has contributed to the development of the Consultation Regulatory Impact Statement on Televisions and Computers. With a healthy economic indicator, e-waste generation in Malaysia is expected to increase in the coming years. Tape Drive vs Hard Drive - Which Should You Use? In Australia, several government policies have been developed. Duplicate articles are removed. Noel-Brune M., Goldizen F.C., Neira M., Van Den Berg M., Lewis N., King M., Sly P.D. Mining to produce the same metals, to meet demand for finished products in the west, also occurs in the same countries, and UNCTAD has recommended that restrictions against recycling exports be balanced against the environmental costs of recovering those materials from mining. E-waste: A global hazard. Grant K., Goldizen F.C., Sly P.D., Brune M.N., Neira M., Van Den Berg M., Norman R.E. Hence, the waste is collected and treated under controlled forms and any hazardous emissions are taken care of. Approximately 152 million units of computers will become obsolete in India by the end of 2021 [55,56], creating serious management challenges and environmental/health problems. "Products covered under this legislation include TVs, computers, laptops, and scanners. In the majority of urban slums of India, more than 95% of e-waste is treated and processed by untrained workers who carry out illegal and risky procedures. Ejiogu A.R. Locating recycling facilities for IT-based electronic waste in Turkey. Nnorom I.C., Osibanjo O. Overview of electronic waste (E-waste) management practices and legislations, and their poor applications in the developing countries. Dias P., Bernardes A.M., Huda N. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management: An analysis on the Australian E-waste recycling scheme. In November 2008 the EPHC committed to the development of a national solution to the issue of managing television and computer waste. Results of the analysis also indicate the country still faces significant issues in managing the ever-increasing amount of e-waste generated even though several material recovery facilities (MFR) have been established. [24] In addition, these companies are required to accept old electronics from consumers free of charge. Under the directive, each country recycles at least 4kg of electronic waste per capita per year. Here are some truly shocking e-waste statistics to highlight the need for proper e-waste recycling: So what makes e-waste worse than other forms of waste? MoEF approves the guidelines for the identification of the various sources of e-waste in India and endorses the procedures for handling e-waste in an appropriate and environmentally friendly manner [59]. Quantitative research typically involves probability sampling to allow statistical inferences to be made [29,31]. Nakatani J., Moriguchi Y. Resource-availability scenario analysis for formal and informal recycling of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment in China. How Recycling Electronics Can Be Improved? Did you know? Duan H., Hu J., Tan Q., Liu L., Wang Y., Li J. Borthakur A., Govind M. How well are we managing E-waste in India: Evidences from the city of Bangalore. Without adequate and sustainable e-waste management practices and a strict import ban policy, developing countries will continue to face health and environmental challenges due to global dumping. Global e-waste dumping has been a recurring problem faced by many third world countries including China, India, and Africa. Landfills can be either controlled or uncontrolled. Figure 1 below illustrates the search process using the PRISMA flow diagram. Sustaining WEEE collection business in China: The case of online to offline (O2O) development strategies. An overview of E-waste management in China. Quantitative research method is a statistical and interpretive technique used to describe or explain the meaning and relationships of a phenomenon under investigation. Past and emerging topics related to electronic waste management: Top countries, trends and perspectives. What are you reading this blog on? Present situation and main obstacles for improvement; Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and The Environment; Orlando, FL, USA. Many Asian countries have legislated, or will do so, for electronic waste recycling. The third section details the e-waste management practices in the selected countries. Prior studies [83,84,85,86] offer valuable insights into e-waste management in the selected countries. For example, Guiyu town is often referred to as the e-waste capital of the world and employs more than 150,000 locals from four villages. This technique has also been found to be effective in Australia. Tons and tons of electronic waste are dumped and disposed of in landfills and incinerators every year in the United States. Electronics Disposal, What You Can, And Can't Recycle. Dwivedy M., Mittal R.K. An investigation into E-waste flows in India. "[5] This regulation is intended to promote the continued use of resources through recycling and to monitor the end-of-life treatment of electronics. [6], Some European countries implemented laws prohibiting the disposal of electronic waste in landfills in the 1990s. Furthermore, this section presents the scope and the context of earlier studies on e-waste management. 1315 December 2015; pp. E-waste management scenarios in Malaysia. To experience www.ericsson.com in the best way, please upgrade to another browser e.g., Edge Chromium, Google Chrome or Firefox. The results of the analysis show that the recycling of e-waste in India is heavily dominated by the informal sector, and only a few approved e-waste recycling facilities are available. Management of the end-of-life electrical and electronics products: The challenges and the potential solutions for enhancement in developing countries context. Wilyani I.T., Nugraha J.K., Aryadi M.A., Mariam N. E-waste: An underrated hazardous waste in Indonesia. E-waste has been found to negatively impact public health because communities are exposed to a complex mixture of chemicals from multiple sources and through multiple exposure routes [152]. Since that time the television and computer industry has been working with the EPHC to identify a suitable way to manage end-of-life televisions and computers. In Guiyu, it is not uncommon to see computer parts, cables, and huge tangles of wires scattered around the streets and riverbanks [88,95,96,97]. Arya S., Kumar S. E-waste in India at a glance: Current trends, regulations, challenges and management strategies. The five-phase approach includes: (a) defining the scope of the review, (b) searching the literature, (c) selecting the final samples, (d) analysing the samples using content analysis, and (e) presenting the findings. Ismail H., Hanafiah M.M. Fossey E., Harvey C., Mcdermott F., Davidson L. Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. We believe this knowledge will help the countries to overcome their challenges and develop appropriate strategies for recycling and disposing of e-waste. Therefore, waste is regularly being dumped into landfills and rivers. Previous studies on e-waste conducted in the selected countries from 2005 to 2020. Examining environmental management of E-waste: Chinas experience and lessons. Moreover, prior studies on e-waste are centred on a small number of developed countries, which represent a standard or benchmark for developing e-waste management policies for emerging countries. Heacock M., Kelly C.B., Suk W.A. Sthiannopkao S., Wong M.H. These incid A naturally occurring metallic element in our environment, mercury has been utilised by mankind for various applications for millennia. Hence, e-waste has become one of the major challenges in these countries, and it is, therefore, crucial for these countries to investigate the development of a well-organised and inexpensive recycling scheme to extract valuable resources with inconsequential environmental impacts. Kumar B., Bhaskar K. Electronic waste and sustainability: Reflections on a rising global challenge. The invasion of microplastics into the human body. Several studies have pointed out that failure to adopt appropriate recycling practices for e-waste may cause environmental disasters and health concerns to humans due to the presence of hazardous materials. This study has selected five countries, including Australia, China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, from the Asia Pacific region because they are the major e-waste producers in the region. However, the level of recycling is not keeping up the pace. Learn more The flow of E-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of inter-national trade policies on E-waste. Ignatuschtschenko E. E-waste management in China: Bridging the formal and informal sectors. The Management of Electronic Waste: A Comparative Study on India and Switzerland. Results of the analysis show that the volumes of e-waste generated are fast exceeding the available infrastructure and recycling facilities in the countries examined, thereby driving e-waste streams to flow into illegal and informal recovery. [2] and Balde et al. Many companies export the waste to developing countries without monitoring the health and human safety standards used. [25] Theyve since been working to implement a law, with the help of the National Environment Commission (CONAMA), that would add regulatory power over waste production. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Electronic waste (E-waste): Material flows and management practices in Nigeria. Electronic waste: Present status and future perspectives of sustainable management practices in Malaysia. It is estimated that three (3) million tons of e-waste were produced in 2018 and is expected to reach five (5) million tons by the end of 2020 [51,52,53]. Survey and analysis of public knowledge, awareness and willingness to pay in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A case study on household WEEE management. Precious metals include gold, silver, aluminium, iron, copper, platinum, etc. In November 2009 the National Waste Policy was agreed by governments across Australia and officially endorsed by the Council of Australian Governments in August 2010. Yoshida A., Terazono A., Ballesteros F.C., Nguyen D.Q., Sukandar S., Kojima M., Sakata S. E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam: A case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. Currently, e-waste scrap such as printed circuit boards, CRT monitors, and LCD screens have been, and are still being, recycled in China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia, creating huge environmental and health issues. Panambunan-Ferse M., Breiter A. Assessing the side-effects of ICT development: E-waste production and management: A case study about cell phone end-of-life in Manado, Indonesia. Shinkuma T., Huong N.T. Across the world, the growing amount of e-waste threatens the environment and local communities, as incorrectly disposed e-waste results in life-endangering toxic chemicals released into the environment and the loss of precious metals [2,4,5,6,7]. In 2002, the EPHC again declared that e-waste needed action. This may lead to emissions of large amounts of toxic organic pollutants and heavy metals, exposing the surrounding inhabitants and environment. Orlins S., Guan D. Chinas toxic informal E-waste recycling: Local approaches to a global environmental problem. Several material recovery facilities have been built, but it still faces significant issues in managing the ever-increasing amount of e-waste generated. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is the national regulator responsible for formulating legislation related to e-waste management and environmental protection. Things You Should Include in your Data Breach Plan, List Of Important Stats Regarding E-Waste, What Does the EPA Say About Electronic Waste Disposal, What is a Degausser and Why Should You Consider Using One, Recycling Misconceptions: Electronics Shredder. The key issues are identified in the e-waste management including: (a) the narrow scope of e-waste categories for recycling, (b) the lack of clarity on the roles of key stakeholders involved, (c) the recycling and material recovery targets, and (d) the lack of auditing and compliance. Borthakur A., Sinha K. Generation of electronic waste in India: Current scenario, dilemmas and stakeholders. Additionally, the country has developed a number of post-consumer programs for used batteries, medicine, computers and printers, fluorescent light bulbs, used tires and pesticide containers. Chung S., Zhang C. An evaluation of legislative measures on electrical and electronic waste in the Peoples Republic of China. At the same time, the re-manufacturing and processing of e-waste can improve the economy as it creates employment opportunities for migrant workers but only at the expense of Chinas health and environment. Sutton J., Austin Z. Qualitative research: Data collection, analysis, and management. However, since China and India have the two biggest populations worldwide by some distance, their e-waste generation is not quite as troublesome when viewed in terms of per-capita pollution. Hanafi J., Kristina H.J., Jobiliong E., Christiani A., Halim A.V., Santoso D., Melini E. Globalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. In Mercury is a metallic element which is toxic to human health and detrimental to environmental wellbeing in high concentrations. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive), as it is often referred to, has now been transposed in national laws in all member countries of the European Union. After a critical review of the pertinent literature and a content analysis of the e-waste articles related to the selected countries, the dispersion of e-waste research in the selected countries according to the keywords/themes, e-waste categories examined, and the study location are illustrated in Table 5. These structured policies are projected to put in place formal systems and infrastructure for the recycling, management, and disposal of e-waste, taking into account country-specific issues. [30] The Product Stewardship Act 2011 introduced new legislation and provided a framework for developing legislatively backed product stewardship for Australia. (National Library of Medicine), People living in or near e-waste recycling towns have shown evidence of greater DNA damage. Although the accuracy of some of the analyses in the present study is inescapably subjective, this study is a starting point for further research into various aspects of e-waste generation and management practices of the selected countries. United Nations University; 2014. 8600 Rockville Pike E-waste, or electronic waste, is a term used to describe discarded electronics. Li B., Du H.Z., Ding H.J., Shi M.Y. Equally threatening is the exportation of e-waste to developing countries around the world mainly to Guiyu, China. Most of these countries studied have no well-established e-waste infrastructure for efficient collection, storage, transportation, recycling, and disposal of e-waste. However, more than 50 per cent of these metals are not recovered [2]. In Indonesia, e-waste management is dominated by the informal recycling sector, which is essentially made of unregulated and unregistered small businesses, groups, and individuals, while the formal sector consists of the countrys municipal agencies as the major actors [69]. When most of us hear the word mercury, we instantly think of the silver liquid in old-fashioned thermometers or the solid amalgam used in dental fillings. The NTCRS has a strong focus on providing free access to the Australian public for e-waste recycling, with services being rolled out progressively across all Australian States in 2012/13.
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