(1993). It provides excellent efficacy on several pathogen developmental stages such as mycelial growth, sporangial production, zoospore release and motility, and cyst germination (Lazzari et al., 2008; Jackson et al., 2010). doi: 10.1126/science.290.5493.972, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-11-0372, Lu, X. H., Zhu, S. S., Bi, Y., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. (2019) only tested the sensitivity of some isolates of P. capsici in Chongqing. Plant Dis. These results suggest a moderate to high resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China. Bayer 59, 171184. 4E@$ 592*6glu^HXd-e3r 3@|f":e#YwJ\h)0? %PDF-1.6 % a01ae2bd69cba76abd9c15804c765c834848875b The mutation frequency, calculated as the number of resistant mutants divided by the total number of inoculations, was approximately 1 104. Lu, X. H., Hausbeck, M. K., Liu, X. L., and Hao, J. J. c'%Zd8G`'e{;]>gdooXUno{;p]go;kiEA(1[U;fBJ/FZ8HvE9Z|lUFy=fWaF#U]9nVd]IUkVcYX8~>tU+tI#6(q6Z_Eab6)\:9ty!]|2m,/EN/!)[~S:YV_rMAJ=:B4M Fluopicolide was validated to have substantial activity against P. capsici in different developmental stages, with EC50 values of 0.091.58 g/ml (Table 3). Foliar Application: Use between 2 to 4 fl oz/100 gallons for foliar applications. Sci. %%EOF 0000034020 00000 n Chin. The sensitivities of 15 sensitive, seven intermediately fluopicolide-resistant, and eight highly fluopicolide-resistant isolates to 11 oomycete fungicides with different modes of action (Table 2) were determined by the mycelial growth inhibition method as described above. uuid:4d46dd25-38a7-4aae-b892-aeb4a5d78166 and as Bayer is a global business my personal information may be stored overseas. 2017-04-19T19:19:24.068-04:00 The baseline sensitivities to fluopicolide of 146 isolates obtained from 28 provinces in China were initially determined, and the 50% inhibition of mycelial growth (EC50) distribution was a unimodal curve with a mean of 0.17 g/ml. The mycelial growth rates of the mutants were significantly higher than those of their parents at 37C, while some subtle differences in mycelial growth were observed among the mutants and the parents at the other temperatures. Plant Dis. (2011), and a few reports have described the sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China using a limited number of isolates obtained from fewer than five provinces (Zhai et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019). Microbiol. Front. The resistance of mutants was stably inherited after 10 transfers of subculture on fluopicolide-free plates with stable RFs. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.08.001. Sequence diversity in the large subunit of RNA polymerase I contributes to mefenoxamin sensitivity in Phytophthora infestans. The superior ability of mutants to oversummer has not been reported before, which indicates that mutants can easily become dominant populations in the field, and the management of resistance cannot be ignored. 43 0 obj <> endobj 0000019763 00000 n The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. 0000074929 00000 n Sensitivity Baseline in Fungicide Resistance Research, and Management. 0000008307 00000 n 7.05. Univ. Then, mycelial agar plugs ( = 5 mm) from the culture edge were placed mycelia-side down on PDA plates ( = 15 cm, 70 mycelia plugs per petri dish) amended with 5 g/ml fluopicolide, approximately 10 times the minimal inhibited concentration of mycelial growth for sensitive isolates, which was tentatively considered to be a discriminatory concentration for identifying mutants of P. capsici insensitive to fluopicolide. Compared to dimethomorph, fluopicolide had strong inhibitory activity on the mycelium growth in vitro. Cymoxanil (98% AI, Xinyi Agrochemical, Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) was dissolved in DMSO for stock solutions (105 g/ml) and stored at 4C. Figure 1. Each treatment consisted of three repetitions. contact this location, Window Classics-Miami Drench Application: Use between 1 to 4 fl oz/100 gallons for drench applications. (2011) relatively comprehensively determined the baseline sensitivity to fluopicolide using 126 P. capsici Michigan isolates. Mefenoxamin sensitivity and the sexual stage of Phytophthora capsici in Michigan cucurbit fields. The resistance stability of fluopicolide-resistant isolates was assessed after 10 successive transfers on fungicide-free PDA plates. (2008). Check to be sure a specific use pattern is approved in your area before use. The initial RFs of 44 mutants ranged from 6.21 to 559.90 (Supplementary Table S2). The assessment of resistance risk for all novel pesticides has been required as part of the regulatory process in China since 2012 (NY/T1859.2-2012). Virulence to Korean pepper cultivars of isolates of Phytophthora capsici from different geographic areas. 0000007026 00000 n Use the information below as a guide for drench application. In particular, zoospores stopped swimming, then gradually swelled and burst in a few minutes, at fluopicolide concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 g/ml, compared to dimethomorph. doi: 10.1002/ps.3646. This study determined the sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide at different developmental stages. No correlation was found between fluopicolide and the other five fungicides tested (cyazofamid, oxathiapiprolin, cymoxanil, azoxystrobin, and fluazinam), with P-values higher than 0.05 in rank correlation analysis for cross-resistance. KEY DISEASES CONTROLLED Hartman, G., and Huang, Y. The resistance levels to fluopicolide were artificially considered as intermediate resistance if RF was less than 100 and high resistance if RF was more than 100 (Lu et al., 2011). In contrast, the cystospore germination rates of mutants obtained from A1 and 1211 were significantly lower than those of the parents (Table 6). Most of the resistant mutants showed similar favorable fitness in mycelial growth, sporangium and zoospore production, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity compared with their sensitive parents, with few exceptions. Bonita Springs, FL34135 XL and JW revised the manuscript. (2006). The objective of this study was to assess the resistance risk of P. capsici to fluopicolide in China in relation to the above aspects. Resistance stability of fluopicolide-resistant mutants of Phytophthora capsici. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 2017-04-30T23:54:04.489-04:00 doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.10.1069, Quesada-Ocampo, L. M., Granke, L. L., Mercier, M. R., Olsen, J., and Hausbeck, M. K. (2011). 21, 165174. Front. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The isolate A1 was obtained from Michigan and used for comparison with Chinese isolates. ET doi: 10.1094/PDIS-03-10-0221. Distribution of fluopicolide sensitivity of 146 Phytophthora capsici isolates. (See product label for complete list) West Palm Beach, FL33411 Acrobat PDFMaker 11 for Word WD^ J>_7e "#_EPFdr_>{J$ Table 5. Available at: https://www.frac.info/docs/default-source/publications/frac-code-list/frac-code-list-2020-final.pdf?sfvrsn=8301499a_2. Population structure and resistance to mefenoxam of Phytophthora capsici in New York State. Plant Dis. : fluopicolide (39.5%) %N(uJ!XC&=Z:YTR5;|Ibs&<7`iZ09}}8uuu5JU}.XL.q|'d,Mr2e$(-an /N?-.(h"O[y2@ rkydr0=6R]9r :r2./=T{C ?wy0~B&_sK@X / Wang, Q. Y., Ma, G. H., Yin, X. W., Lu, Y. Y., Zhang, X. C., and Xu, Y. D. (2019). 0000032944 00000 n 2015-11-04T10:12:03.000-05:00 Studies of fitness showed that fluopicolide-resistant isolates exhibited strong adaptive traits in different developmental stages, including mycelial growth, sporangium production, cystospore germination, and pathogenicity. Product is registered for use in these states: Alabama,Alaska,Arizona,Arkansas,California,Colorado,Connecticut,Delaware,District of Columbia,Florida,Georgia,Hawaii,Idaho,Illinois,Indiana,Iowa,Kansas,Kentucky,Louisiana,Maine,Maryland,Massachusetts,Michigan,Minnesota,Mississippi,Missouri,Montana,Nebraska,Nevada,New Hampshire,New Jersey,New Mexico,New York,North Carolina,North Dakota,Ohio,Oklahoma,Oregon,Pennsylvania,Puerto Rico,Rhode Island,South Carolina,South Dakota,Tennessee,Texas,Utah,Vermont,Virginia,Washington,West Virginia,Wisconsin,Wyoming, . Table 2. :wFY-[UYya|#0MP8) Tyler, B. M., Tripathy, S., Zhang, X., Dehal, P., Jiang, R. H. Y., Aerts, A., et al. Studies have reported that the intracellular substances of hyphae or zoospores are leaked after fluopicolide treatment in P. capsici and P. infestans, and the potential target protein of fluopicolide is speculated to be a spectrin-like protein (Toquin et al., 2006; Jackson et al., 2010; FRAC, 2020), but this remains unclear. Use enough solution to wet the root zones of plants. contact this location. Fluopicolide Therefore, this study has established a more comprehensive and accurate measurement of the baseline sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide using 146 field isolates from 28 provinces throughout China from 2006 to 2014. Copyright 2020 Wu, Xue, Miao, Zhang, Gao and Liu. Fluopicolide: a new effective active ingredient against oomycetes in grapes and vegetables. Pang, Z., Shao, J. P., Chen, L., Lu, X. H., Hu, J., Qin, Z. H., et al. So far, only a few relatively comprehensive reports have described the baseline sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide in the United States (Kousik and Keinath, 2007; Jackson et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2011). Health Canada - Sant Canada Eight fluopicolide-sensitive parental isolates were exposed to fluopicolide for inducing and selecting mutants, and a total of 44 fluopicolide-resistant mutants were obtained from six parental isolates: LP3, BYA5, JA8, Pc1723, 12-11, and A1 (Supplementary Table S2). Phytophthora diseases worldwide. doi: 10.1007/s10681-007-9532-1, Granke, L. L., Quesada-Ocampo, L., Lamour, K., and Hausbeck, M. K. (2012). XL supervised the work. 0000084737 00000 n W 2015-11-04T10:13:05.000-05:00 View our Privacy Policy to learn more. Sporangial production and zoospore release of mutants and parental isolates were measured as described above (Miller, 1955; Lu et al., 2010). Phytomed. This study determined the sensitivity of P. capsici to fluopicolide and found that fluopicolide had substantial activity against mycelial growth, sporangia formation, and zoospore release and motility. 0000069859 00000 n contact this location, Window Classics-Sarasota 0000006189 00000 n 76, 486489. {s]Cb{{D&\]pqxlKsWWcis&wa>} Phytopathology 90, 396400. Brazier, C. (1998). Mol. However, fungicides for the control of Phytophthora also present challenges because of the differences between oomycete and fungi, and resistance development (Lamour and Hausbeck, 2000; Lee et al., 2008; Randall et al., 2014). 100 gallons of spray solution will treat approximately 20,000 sq ft of area. 0000079639 00000 n 8 PLoS One 8:e56513. Plant Dis. %%EOF Zoospore production was assayed by counting the number of cystospores in 200-l suspension with a hemocytometer. * Each crop and use may not be registered in every state. 2022 Valent U.S.A. LLC - All Rights Reserved. Fitness of Phytophthora capsici fluopicolide-resistant mutants and wild-type parents. 0000011264 00000 n Sensitivity of Phytophthora capsici to fluopicolide in different developmental stages. Pembroke Park, FL33023 Thank you for your enquiry! However, the EC50 values of intermediately resistant mutants derived from parental isolates JA8, Pc1723, and A1 decreased to some extent, except for RFJ-4 (Table 4).
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