Save with Case Pricing on qualifying products when you Buy All Rights Reserved. Our helpful, friendly and knowledgeable Animal Health All Rights Reserved. The death of six Pakistani children has been attributed to the therapeutic misuse of loperamide by the public [86]. She collapsed, became bradypneic, pale and unresponsive within 50 minutes of dosage administration [87]. Full-strength sports drinks are often more hypertonic than 245mOsm/L (the osmolality of Gatorade is approximately 360mOsm/L) and may delay gastric absorption. Directions: Cattle/Horses - one 300 ml tube orally; Calves/Foals - one 80 ml tube; Sheep/Goats - 1-3 ml per 2.2 lbs body weight; Dogs/Cats - 1-3 ml per lb body weight. Malnutrition may have enhanced susceptibility to loperamide toxicity in this population by increasing bioavailability of the drug. Palygorskite particles can be considered as charged particles with zones of positive and negative charges. Pour mixture into a graduate and QS with Maalox Plus. Corrections? Imodium, Lopemid, Loperin, Loperyl, etc. For use in calves, foals, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. Elimination is delayed in the presence of severe hepatic insufficiency alone or severe concurrent renal and hepatic impairment, and, therefore, adjustments in dosages may need to be made. In therapeutic doses it is likely that only a small portion of loperamide is absorbed systemically. Oral formulations include clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride granules reconstituted to 75 mg base/5 mL and clindamycin hydrochloride capsules in 75, 150, and 300 mg of the base compound. For rapid treatment of mild to moderate dehydration, 50 to 100mL/kg of ORS should be administered over the first 4-hour period to rehydrate the child. In humans, peak plasma levels occur at four hours post ingestion and account for only 0.3% of administered dose. Activated Clay Gel, May be used in animals during stomach discomfort and digestive disorders. No options of this product are available. Mainstays of prophylaxis and treatment include optimization of oral hygiene, adequate analgesia (ibuprofen, systemic opioids, topical morphine, tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin) and treatment of concomitant infection (bacterial, viral or fungal). 6. Repeat in 1-3 hours or as needed. Repeat in 1-3 hours or as needed. A Maya region source for palygorskite was unknown until the 1960s, when one was found at a cenote on the Yucatn Peninsula near the modern township of Sacalum, Yucatn. However, at that time, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration retroactively rejected medical studies showing its efficacy, calling them insufficient. 578-9234 Add Phase B and stir with homogenizing for a minimum of 10 minutes. Omissions? Finally, many patients prefer loperamide because it may be taken in doses once or twice a day and is conveniently packaged. Clindamycin undergoes hepatic biotransformation to active and inactive metabolites. Each ml contains 200 mg attapulgite clay and 50 mg kaolin. The small amount of drug that does get absorbed is nearly completely bound to plasma protein (97%) [83]. Blend Phases A & C with stirring and homogenizing for a minimum of 10 minutes. A specifically formulated ready-to-use product for large animals with stomach discomfort. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Though similar in appearance to clay, fullers earth differs by being more fine-grained and by having a higher water content. The blue coloration seen on Maya and Aztec codices, and early colonial-era manuscripts and maps, is largely produced by the organic-inorganic mixture of ail leaves and palygorskite, with smaller amounts of other mineral additives. Elete is a concentrated electrolyte solution that may be added to water to create a dehydration-sparing beverage. A second possible site was more recently (2005) identified, near Ticul, Yucatn. 2. Arnold and Bohor (1975), as cited in Haude (1997). Compounding instructions: Mix sucralfate and water on magnetic stirrer. She had prolonged electrocardiographic time intervals which decreased with normalization of serum flecainide concentrations [95]. The palygorskite component is an acicular bristle-like crystalline form that does not swell or expand. For use in calves, foals, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. The patient was resuscitated and given naloxone and recovered over the next 24 hours. Our helpful and knowledgeable Customer Care Representatives are eager to serve you! Caffeinated beverages and alcohol, which can enhance intestinal motility and secretions, should be avoided. 671, Rx: Attapulgite (750mg/15mL; 600mg/15mL) with diphenhydramine (12.5mg/5mL) 50:50 by volume see Pg. Each ml contains 200 mg attapulgite clay and 50 mg kaolin. Paul S. Auerbach MD, MS, FACEP, MFAWM, FAAEM, in Auerbach's Wilderness Medicine, 2017. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The recommended dose for adults is 4 mg followed by 2 mg after each unformed stool, not to exceed 16 mg per day. The bonding of these alternating charges allows them to form gel suspensions in salt and fresh water. Of the 1.2 million Americans diagnosed with cancer each year, approximately 400000 develop oral complications associated with their treatments. Attapulgite, unlike some bentonite (sodium rich montmorillonites), can gel in sea water,[6] forming gel structures in salt water and is used in special saltwater drilling mud for drilling formations contaminated with salt. Distributors in the US, we are here for you. Your #1 Animal Health Products Headquarters, Home Barbara Green, David Milora, in Delivery System Handbook for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products, 2005. TD typically runs a self-limited course of less than 1 week. answer any questions or help you find what you need. The presence of food delays but does not decrease the absorption of clindamycin, but it does reduce the absorption of lincomycin. Enhancement of loperamide via non-invasive strategies (multiple dose charcoal) is also not recommended since there is no evidence that loperamide is enterohepatically or enteroenterically recycled in humans and because there is high probability that multiple doses of charcoal in this setting may cause impaction. Therefore, either rice-based ORS or reduced-osmolarity WHO ORS can be used. Mix gently till complete dissolution occurs. The inactive palmitate and phosphate esters are hydrolyzed in the liver to clindamycin, the active agent. Efforts to enhance the elimination of loperamide via invasive techniques such as dialysis, hemoperfusion, and forced diuresis will not be helpful since most of the drug that is absorbed is highly protein bound. For use in calves, foals, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. Susan O. Freers, in Delivery System Handbook for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products, 2005. Most available ORS is glucose-based. For use in calves, foals, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. View Manufacturer and/or Label Information. The rice-based ORS (e.g., CeraLyte: ceraproductsinc.com) has a slightly lower osmolarity and higher concentration of organic solutes, two aspects that promote enhanced absorption of Na+ and water.33 Although rice-based ORS appears superior to standard WHO ORS in several studies, there have not been studies with sufficient power to demonstrate any difference in efficacy relative to the reduced-osmolarity ORS. 1. Directions: Cattle/Horses - one 300 ml tube orally; Calves/Foals - one 80 ml tube; Sheep/Goats - 1-3 ml per 2.2 lbs body weight; Dogs/Cats - 1-3 ml per lb body weight. It also crumbles into mud when mixed with water, so it has little. In the United States loperamide is not recommended in children under two years of age, while in the United Kingdom it is not approved for use in children less than 4 years of age. The case involved a 28-year-old female who ingested 20 mg of loperamide, 3800 mg of flecainide acetate, 50 mg of diazepam and 100 g of ethanol. Patients should be encouraged to eat easily digested foods such as bananas, applesauce, rice, potatoes, noodles, crackers, toast, and soups. Parents traveling to developing countries or wilderness areas with children should carry powdered ORS or a recipe for a homemade solution (Box 91-6). Questions? NeoStrata Company, Inc., is providing these examples to demonstrate the amphoteric and/or molecular complex technologies. For this reason, it has been used in several antidiarrheal medications, including Diar-Aid, Diarrest, Diasorb, Diatabs, Diatrol, Donnagel, Kaopek, K-Pek, Parepectolin, and Rheaban. Mucositis typically develops 714 days after initiation of therapy (Boxes 59-1 and 59-2). Prepare Phases A, B, and C, separately. Mix well on a magnetic stirrer to homogenize. 6. If vomiting develops, most children will tolerate ORS if a small volume (5 to 10mL) is given every 5 minutes. Continuous infusions of naloxone have not been used with overdoses of loperamide but would be worthy of consideration. Attapulgite clays found in the Meigs-Quincy district are bundles of palygorskite clay particles between 2 and 3 m long and below 3nm in diameter. Combine Phase A and heat up to 75C. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Use 36 times daily. Prepare Phase E by pre-slurry of ingredients Tagravit E, Tagravit F, Tagrol B and Tagrol EPO in the ingredient aluminum starch octenyl succinate at room temperature. Geez, Chrissy here: It's been since April 2016 that we re-built our website www.squirrelsandmore.com. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Sepiolite and palygorskite (also known as, http://rehydrate.org/ors/low-osmolarity-ors.htm. In addition, there is significant first-pass metabolism of free drug to a glucuronide conjugate [81]. Typically, pediatric patients are dosed in the range of 0.080.24 mg/kg/day divided into two to three doses. Add slowly Phase D at 40C. Feeding of solid food, particularly complex carbohydrates and yogurt, should be resumed as soon as vomiting resolves. 2. In large recent ingestions lavage with a large-bore orogastric tube may also be indicated. The clay mineral was also used by the Maya as a curative for certain illnesses, and evidence shows it was also added to pottery temper. Heat Phase 3C to 75C. Products for Farrowing and Breeding Swine, Swine Ear Tags, Marking, & Identification Products, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery. Loperamide is a congener of meperidine. 3. Loperamide poisoning should be suspected in any patient presenting with miosis, central nervous system depression including bradypnea, and/or paralytic ileus. Patients present with erythema, painful ulceration, and necrosis that symmetrically involves the non-keratinized mucosa. ", Kaopectate Reformulation Causes Confusion, "Identification and Classification of Colorants Used During Mexico's Early Colonial Period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palygorskite&oldid=1100950349, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2009, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from August 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Lath shaped crystals, fibrous and compact masses, This page was last edited on 28 July 2022, at 14:11. Each ml contains 200 mg attapulgite clay and 50 mg kaolin. These technologies are covered by NeoStrata patents. Updates? NB: Significant pain reduction up to 3 hours after use. To make an improvised ORS, one of the following methods can be used: Add 30mL (6 tsp) of sugar and 2.5mL ( tsp) of salt to 1L (1 qt) of clean drinking water (or boiled water that has cooled). 2018 Pipestone Veterinary Services. Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, 2022 Armor Animal Health All Rights Reserved | US: 800.255.1181 | International: +1 844.840.7770. Rx: Sucralfate suspension, 1g/10mL (Carafate) see Pg. Radiolabel studies in rats show that most of the drug becomes bound to the intestinal lumen (85%), presumably to opioid receptors [82]. [15] Human sacrificial victims in postclassic Mesoamerica were frequently daubed with this blue pigmentation. Each 15mL contains sucralfate 2.0g, diphenhydramine 12.5mg, and Maalox Plus suspension 2.5mL. Loperamide has a number of advantages compared to conventional antidiarrheals. NPO for 30 minutes. It is one of the types of fuller's earth. NB: Each 5mL contains: lidocaine 16.5mg, diphenhydramine 1.2mg, and Maalox Plus suspension 3.7mL. In another 4-month-old patient without these prior medical conditions a single dose of 2 mg/kg produced coma, bradypnea, miosis, muscle rigidity and ashen color several hours after dose administration. Ten percent of absorbed lincomycin is excreted unchanged in urine, 3 percent is excreted unchanged in feces, and the remainder is excreted as inactive metabolites, primarily in the biliary system. Cool and add preservative, fragrance, and purified water below 40C. Stabilization of nanopalygorskite suspensions was improved using mechanical dispersion (magnetic stirring, high-speed shearing and ultrasonication) and polyelectrolytes (carboxymethyl cellulose, alginate, sodium polyphosphate, and poly(sodium acrylate)) at different pH. In the past, the standard WHO ORS was not particularly effective in reducing stool frequency and volume. 3. Continue homogenizing for 5 minutes. Treatment with IV fluids is indicated for patients with severe dehydration and for those who cannot tolerate oral fluids. May be used in animals during stomach discomfort and digestive disorders. 669, Rx: Doxepin suspension (5mg/mL) in oral rinse containing 0.1% alcohol and sorbitol. Emma Kvitnitsky, Yury E. Shapiro, in Delivery System Handbook for Personal Care and Cosmetic Products, 2005. McCrackenJr., in Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Sixth Edition), 2009. Two-thirds of the poisonings resulted from therapeutic misuse of OTC loperamide by parents, especially in developing countries. Product Experts are ready to serve you, simply Email email@pbsanimalhealth.com 4(H2O) that occurs in a type of clay soil common to the Southeastern United States. Cattle Health The patients became progressively more obtunded on the second and third dose and would gradually recover with supportive care over the next 3 to 4 days. Subscribe and receive free information on herd health, new products, special promotions and exclusive discounts! Penetration into CSF is limited, unless inflammation is present. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Treating dehydration is an urgent priority, especially in older persons, young children, and infants. Pediatric poisoning from loperamide has resulted from both acute and chronic dosing. Fluid replacement is the cornerstone of therapy. Heat water to 75C and add remaining Phase A ingredients with good agitation. Paints, sealants, adhesives, tape-joint compound, catalysts, suspension fertilizers, wild-fire suppressants, foundry coatings, animal feed suspensions, and molecular sieve binders are just a few uses of dry-process attapulgite. Oral absorption of lincosamides occurs rapidly. Activated Clay Gel, May be used in animals during stomach discomfort and digestive disorders. Clindamycin phosphate, a water-soluble ester of clindamycin and phosphoric acid, is available for parenteral use. When preparing Phase C, homogenize for 30 minutes after addition of the TiO2 dispersion. Also, as an antidiarrheal, it was believed to work by adsorbing the diarrheal pathogen. A single dose of 0.045 mg/kg loperamide produced paralytic ileus in a one-year-old child lasting seven days [90]. This is a DEALER WEBSITE. Systemic absorption and sedation may occur.28, Rx: Benacort-Tetrastat; Mary's Magic Mouthwash'. Vitamins & Supportives Many of these problems are preventable or treatable. Mucositis can last for more than 4 weeks after completion of therapy. A number of other ORSs are also available for children, including Pedialyte, Rehydralyte, Ricelyte, Infalyte, and Resol. Shop our Dealer Salesalog Online 24/7 and discover why its Attapulgite is used widely in medicine. This may be accomplished by providing respiratory assistance or by reversing the respiratory depression using naloxone (children: 0.010.1 mg/kg iv; adults: 0.41 mg iv). Reduced-osmolarity ORS contains 75mEq/L of sodium, 1.5% glucose, and 20mEq/L of potassium (Table 91-11). Add Phase C to Phase A and B mixture. Mucositis contributes to morbidity and mortality, i.e. Diphenoxylate plus atropine has a well-founded reputation for causing serious poisoning in pediatric patients, but is not yet available over-the-counter in many countries including the United States (see Chapter 9). Until the early 1990s, Kaopectate used the similar clay product kaolinite with pectin (hence the name). All Rights Reserved. 7% - 10% attapulgite clay mixed with the eutectic salt, sodium sulfate decahydrate (mirabilite or Glauber's salt), keeps anhydrous crystals suspended in the solution, where they hydrate during phase transition and hence contribute to the heat absorbed and released when Glaubers salt is used for heat storage. Loperamide, an over-the-counter antidiarrheal, is available throughout the world and is sold under various trade names, e.g. Parental assessment of dehydration using urine output, tearing, and fontanelle contour has been shown to be accurate.3,20 Children young enough to be wearing diapers should have some urine output at least every 8 hours. All ORSs should be discarded 12 hours after reconstitution when left at room temperature, and after 24 hours if they have been refrigerated. DirectionRead More. Please contact us at email@rjmatthews.com or call us at +1 (800) Each ml contains 200 mg attapulgite clay and 50 mg kaolin. Not a consumer website. Refrigerate. From these reports it would appear that loperamide may produce significant toxicity (respiratory depression) in single doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg and in chronic dosing of 0.1 mg/kg/day or greater in children less than four years of age. Symptoms subsided within 48 hours of discontinuation of loperamide. This is the largest series reported to date and encompasses 19 children ranging in age from 1.5 months to 6.5 months plus a 2-year-old. An additional 10mL/kg can be given for each diarrheal stool and 5mL/kg for each episode of emesis. Industrial minerals & rocks: Commodities, markets, and uses (Google book). She developed polymorphous ventricular tachycardia approximately two hours after ingestion. There has only been one report of overdose from loperamide in adults and it is unlikely that loperamide played a significant role in this patient's clinical course. Check it out Ginat W. Mirowski, Bethanee J. Schlosser, in Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy (Third Edition), 2013. 8. Poisonings from loperamide have been noted after both acute and chronic use of the drug. Processing of the clays consist of drying and grinding the crude clay to specific particle size distributions with specific ranges of gel viscosity measured by a variety of means depending on the end use. Although loperamide has been successfully used in the pediatric population [85], there is growing evidence to support increased susceptibility to loperamide toxicity in children under three years of age. According to the WHO, dehydration is best categorized as mild to moderate, or severe. Cattle Health Learn how and when to remove this template message, Palygorskite in the Handbook of Mineralogy. Frequent rinsing of the mouth with 0.9% saline or bicarbonate (baking soda) rinses as well as sucking on ice chips or popsicles may help relieve symptoms. The lower osmolarity reduces stool output (volume), vomiting, and need for intravenous (IV) therapy. Beef We will notify you when this product becomes available. Clindamycin also is available as a topical solution, gel, lotion, foam, pad, and vaginal cream and suppository. Sign up to our newsletter for the latest news and special offers. [7] Surface energy and nanoroughness were studied in a palygorskite sample.[8]. hidden 507.825.4211 (Pipestone, MN Office). ORT is often tolerated by children who are vomiting if it is administered frequently in small quantities. forward to hearing from you! Well, it's 2:00 a.m. and I'm just finishing up with our website once again. In experimental pneumococcal meningitis, concentrations of clindamycin in CSF were approximately 10 percent of the corresponding serum values. 1. Patients should avoid hard, spicy or hot foods. The presence of food delays but does not decrease the absorption of clindamycin, but it does reduce the absorption of lincomycin. Sig: Swish 5mL for at least 1 minute, then expectorate. Although recovery without antimicrobial treatment normally occurs in healthy adults, most travelers choose to mitigate the inconvenience and discomfort of diarrhea by seeking medical treatment. All Rights Reserved. B.E. If patients are otherwise healthy and not dehydrated, adequate oral intake can be achieved with soft drinks, fruit juice, broth, and soup, along with salted crackers. Mucositis, or inflammation and ulceration of the oropharynx, is a frequent and painful complication of cancer chemotherapy or radiation. Combine Phase B and heat up to 80C. Gel-grade, dry-processed attapulgites are used in a very wide range of applications for suspension, reinforcement, and binding properties. Repeat in 1-3 hours or as needed. This distinction is based on changes in behavior and mental state, quality of the mucous membranes, presence of oliguria or anuria, changes in vital signs, and evidence of decreasing peripheral perfusion. The patient was administered 18 mg/day (4 mg/kg/day) for one week when he developed poor peripheral perfusion, miosis, hypothermia, and suffered a generalized convulsion. Rice-based ORS is less expensive and often better tolerated by children, particularly those in nations where people consume a great deal of rice. Taken by mouth, it physically binds to acids and toxic substances in the stomach and digestive tract. 669, Rx: Lidocaine 2% viscous (Xylocaine) see Pg. Concomitant administration of kaolin- or attapulgite-containing antidiarrheal agents can decrease absorption; therefore, these agents should not be administered within 2 hours before or 3 to 4 hours after oral lincosamides are given. [16], Magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral, Structural groups mainly; based on rruff.info/ima, modified. Activated Clay Gel May be used in animals during stomach discomfort and digestive disorders. Once the patient is stabilized single doses of activated charcoal should be administered to prevent further absorption of loperamide. The treatment of mucositis varies greatly. Smectites are expanding lattice clays, of which bentonite is a commonly known generic name for smectite clays. Cool to room temperature with gentle agitation. Hypoalbuminemia, mildly impaired liver function, and prior damage to the intestinal wall may have enhanced the bioavailability of loperamide in this patient. Beef Treatment of loperamide poisoning initially consists in stabilizing the patient's vital signs. "Stabilization of Palygorskite Aqueous Suspensions Using Bio-Based and Synthetic Polyelectrolytes", "Comparison of Surface Properties of Sepiolite and Palygorskite: Surface Energy and Nanoroughness", "Kaopectate reformulation and upcoming labeling changes. Benson, M. Mclntire, in Human Toxicology, 1996. Longer acting opioid antagonists such as nalmefene may also be beneficial once there is more experience with them and they become available. Add slowly Phase B to Phase A while homogenizing. Where X=octahedral sites in sepiolite which may contain Al, Fe, Mn, or Ni, while in palygorskite may be present Na, Fe, and Mn. Even though loperamide is 23 times as potent as diphenoxylate on a milligram per milligram basis, it has no apparent central nervous system opioid effects in adult patients, and consequently has a lower potential for psychological abuse than diphenoxylate. https://www.britannica.com/science/attapulgite. In this series a 23-month-old and two 34-month-old children developed irritability, drowsiness, personality changes, and unacceptable behaviour on days 35 of therapy [88]. X[R2+, (H2O)4]. Several grading systems that assess the anatomical and/or functional effects of oral mucositis exist (Table 59-2).2527 Risk factors include underlying systemic disease, toxic or immunosuppressive therapy, oropharyngeal infection, poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, hyposalivation, lower baseline neutrophil counts, and elevated serum creatinine. 1. other minerals such as kaolinite, attapulgite, and palygorskite also occur and account for its variable chemical composition. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. The largest tolerated dose involved a child with short bowel syndrome who was gradually increased from 6 mg/day loperamide at 6 weeks of age to 18 mg/day at 4 months of age. All patients presented with abdominal distention and paralytic ileus and had been dosed with 0.42 mg/day. Lincosamides are distributed rapidly and widely to most tissues and fluids, including saliva, sputum, respiratory tissue, pleural fluid, soft tissues, bones and joints, brain, prostate, semen, appendix, and peritoneal fluid.202,217 Lincosamides are transported actively into macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and high concentrations are achieved in bile, urine, and bone. CALL FOR MOTOR FREIGHT SHIPPING DETAILS! Sig: Shake well, bid to qid. Most colas, sports drinks, and juices contain 6% to 15% carbohydrate and are not appropriate rehydration solutions. A 15-month-old female was given a single 0.125 mg/kg dose of loperamide for treatment of diarrhea secondary to stress from burns to 35% of her body. Cation exchange capacities are intermediate between nonexpanding and expanding 2:1 clays, and the fibrous clay structure does not swell with addition of either water or organic solvents. Dairy products should be avoided, because transient lactase deficiency can be caused by enteric infections. Dry-process grades contain up to 25% non-attapulgite material in the form of carbonates and other mineral inclusions. Each ml contains 200 mg attapulgite clay and 50 mg kaolin. Copyright 2022 by RJ Matthews Company. In 2008, BASF acquired the assets of Zemex Attapulgite, leaving only two gellant-grade producers. [12] Nevertheless, Kaopectate with attapulgite is still available in Canada and elsewhere. Paul S. Auerbach MD, MS, FACEP, MFAWM, FAAEM, in Field Guide to Wilderness Medicine, 2019. The cornerstone of treatment for TD is oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which if instituted early, can be used alone in 90% to 95% of cases.5 It is as effective as intravenous hydration in mild to moderate dehydration caused by gastroenteritis. Rehydration Project is a nonprofit international development group that maintains an up-to-date website on rehydration options (http://rehydrate.org/ors/low-osmolarity-ors.htm). By reducing the osmolarity of an ORS, stool frequency in children with noncholera diarrhea is reduced and ORS requirements may be reduced by as much as 20%.5 Many studies have looked at the efficacy of rice-based ORS relative to the WHO standard and reduced-osmolarity ORS. Palygorskite is known to have been a key constituent of the pigment called Maya blue, which was used notably by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica on ceramics, sculptures, murals, and (most probably) Maya textiles. The smallest chronic dose to produce noticeable toxicity was 0.10.12 m/kg/day. The remainder of the poisonings resulted from prescription loperamide. It may also have anti-secretory activity and may interact directly with cholinergic and non-cholinergic nerves lining the gastrointestinal wall. Consumers may purchase a wide variety of agents to subdue diarrhea including, attapulgite, polycarbophil, bismuth subsalicylate, kaolin and pectin, loperamide, and diphenoxylate plus atropine.
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